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CategoryFinance and Economics

Unlearning the macroeconomic lessons of the 2010s [Noah Smith, Noahpinion]

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  • The 2010s were a time of unlearning old macroeconomic lessons, with the housing crash, financial crisis and Great Recession turning much of the conventional macro wisdom on its head.
  • The 2020s, however, have seen a return to more orthodox macroeconomic ideas, with the events of the past two years suggesting that the heterodox “lessons” of the 2010s were incorrect.
  • Examples include the idea that market crashes do not always cause recessions, that asset prices do not always affect the real economy, and that quantitative easing and the zero interest rate policy (QE and ZIRP) may not cause inflation.
  • The 2010s taught us to be wary of bubbles and the potential for banking crises, and the 2020s have shown us the importance of fiscal and monetary policy in managing aggregate demand.
  • The financial crisis of 2008-09 showed the importance of government backstops in the mortgage market and the dangers of excessive debt.
  • The 2020s have demonstrated that government borrowing can cause interest rates to rise, and that easy money can lead to inflation if aggregate demand is high.
  • Ultimately, basic Keynesian macroeconomic intuition still stands in the 2020s, just as it did in the 2010s.

Click HERE for original. Published December 22, 2022

2022 was Really Weird [kyla scanlon, Kyla’s Newsletter]

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• This year has been a gift, with many opportunities for growth and learning.
• Three quotes that summarize the year:
– “It is easier to fool a man than to convince him he has be fooled” – Mark Twain
– “Panics do not destroy capital. They merely reveal the extent to which it has been previously destroyed by its betrayal into hopelessly unproductive works” -John Mills
– “One of the saddest lessons of history is this: If we’ve been bamboozled long enough, we tend to reject any evidence of the bamboozle. We’re no longer interested in finding out the truth. The bamboozle has captured us. It’s simply too painful to acknowledge, even to ourselves, that we’ve been taken. Once you give a charlatan power over you, you almost never get it back.” – Carl Sagan
• Crypto: The web3 spectacle was far removed from reality, and the land war in Europe and worries over food and energy resources caused the crypto world to come crumbling down.
• Commodities: Tech is the new FAANG, and as resources get cheaper, we find progressively dumber uses of them.
• The Federal Reserve: Expectations are all that matter, and the Fed is facing the verifiable metrics slowing inflation contrasted against the heavy burden of Ego.
• Venture Capital: The incentives are misaligned, and the focus is on venture funds and founders, not on building enduring companies.
• Housing: Mortgage rates have skyrocketed, and private equity firms are nosing their way into mobile home parks, nursing homes, and student housing. Housing is in a deep recession, and weakness i1n housing is a core part of recessions.
• 2022 was a year of economic and human behavior changes.
• The economy was in flux, with bonds and stocks moving together, market fundamentalism becoming dominant, and an over-reliance on tech and finance layoffs.
• Human behavior was characterized by anger, doomerism, and a lack of cooperation.
• There was a sense of fragmentation, with a monoculture emerging and a focus on profit and growth over creativity and expression.
• People were degraded to the status of mere consumers, and there was a deep sense of nihilism in Gen Z.
• The article calls for reconnection and understanding, and for people to recognize their passions and create a living world.

Published December 22, 2022. Visit Kyla’s Newsletter to read kyla scanlon’s original post.

Ghana, you were doing so well! [Noah Smith, Noahpinion]

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  • Ghana recently defaulted on most of its external debt and is experiencing high inflation, leading to an economic crisis.
  • Ghana is an important country for African development, as it is one of the leading candidates to become the “first mover” in the region.
  • The crisis was caused by a rapid depreciation of the Ghanaian currency, the cedi, which made it harder to afford imports like food and fuel.
  • Ghana’s government borrowed a lot of external debt over the past 15 years, which raised government debt to about 100% of GDP.
  • Ghana’s inflation is not due to an attempt to pay off external debt by printing local currency, but rather due to businesspeople expecting the government to eventually print money to pay off its debt.
  • Ghana’s government wisely defaulted on its debt, drastically lowering the country’s overall government debt burden and making it easier to get a bailout from the IMF.

Click HERE for original. Published December 19, 2022

A Non-Zero Interest Rate World [kyla scanlon, Kyla’s Newsletter]

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• The Fed is trying to manage the economy, but the market is starting to rebel against them.
• The market thinks rate cuts are likely relatively soon, whereas the Fed is like “well hm, no, we plan to keep hiking”.
• There is an idea in some corners of the tech world that only tech people can be executors of Goodness and that anything that stops tech people from doing what they want is Very Bad.
• We have started to see softer prints in inflation, inflation expectations ticking down, supply chains easing, and a loosening in the labor market in quits.
• The Fed is really focused on the labor market via “Things We Have To Spend Money on To Stay Alive”, which is an inflation category.
• SBF was charged with a litany of things, including “Wire Fraud, Wire Fraud Conspiracy, Securities Fraud, Securities Fraud Conspiracy and Money Laundering”.
• Empathy is a function of understanding the emotions of others, but markets don’t really price this. It requires looking beyond individual forces of supply and demand.
• Vincent Van Gogh quote: “Many people seem to think it foolish, even superstitious, to believe that the world could still change for the better. And it is true that in winter it is sometimes so bitingly cold that one is tempted to say, ‘What do I care if there is a summer; its warmth is no help to me now.’ Yes, evil often seems to surpass good. But then, in spite of us, and without our permission, there comes at last an end to the bitter frosts. One morning the wind turns, and there is a thaw. And so I must still have hope.”

Published December 17, 2022. Visit Kyla’s Newsletter to read kyla scanlon’s original post.

The internet wants to be fragmented [Noah Smith, Noahpinion]

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  • The internet used to be an escape from the real world, but now the real world is an escape from the internet due to the centralization of social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.
  • Centralizing the world’s social interaction on two or three platforms was profitable, but it caused a lot of toxicity and outrage.
  • Twitter’s “dunk mechanism” encouraged toxicity and outrage, and the company’s hapless, incompetent management resisted any attempts to change this.
  • People are now taking their discussions off of Twitter and into smaller forums, like DM groups, WhatsApp, Signal, and Discord.
  • Elon Musk’s takeover of Twitter has caused further disruption, and it remains to be seen whether this will cause an exodus of users.
  • In place of centralized social media, we are seeing fragmentation, with apps like TikTok, YouTube, Snapchat, and Instagram becoming more popular.
  • Fragmentation is necessary to restore the old internet, as it allows people to exit and move to a different forum if they don’t like the current one.

Click HERE for original. Published December 16, 2022

Techno-optimism for 2023 [Noah Smith, Noahpinion]

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  • Technological advances in the 2010s were often undervalued and dismissed, but 2020 has seen a surge of cutting-edge technology helping to sustain society and defeat the pandemic.
  • Generative AI applications, predictive AI, and protein folding have all seen major advances.
  • The solar revolution is going from theoretical to actual, with a huge surge of global investment and the IEA predicting that renewables will generate more electricity than either coal or oil five years from now.
  • Batteries are also seeing cost drops and promise to transform our physical world, while green hydrogen may help resolve the solar intermittency problem.
  • Biotech is seeing advances in mRNA vaccines, synthetic bio, stem cells, Crispr, and more, while launch costs are transforming the space industry and quantum computing is seeing steady advances.

Click HERE for original. Published December 11, 2022

The big NEPA roundup [Noah Smith, Noahpinion]

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  • NEPA is a procedural requirement for any project with federal involvement to do an environmental impact review before starting construction.
  • NEPA reviews often take several years to complete and can be used as a weapon by activist groups to delay or cancel projects they don’t like.
  • Op-eds have argued that NEPA allows excessive community input and is un-democratic, and that progressives are doing themselves a disservice by opposing Joe Manchin’s proposed permitting reforms.
  • Abolishing NEPA and replacing it with other procedures for enforcing environmental law has been suggested, though no guidance has been given on how to do that.
  • NEPA is a federal law that requires environmental reviews for certain projects, but it often delays projects that would improve environmental quality.
  • Think tanks have proposed various reforms to NEPA, such as extending favorable treatment to renewable energy projects, limiting judicial review, and creating special “corridors” with reduced permitting requirements.
  • Defenders of NEPA argue that it is necessary to protect the environment, and that delays are often due to other environmental regulations or lack of bureaucratic capacity.
  • They also suggest that NEPA can be a tool for speeding up decisions by coordinating information sharing between agencies.
  • NEPA is seen as a major obstacle to rapid deep decarbonization of the US economy.
  • Reforms to NEPA have been proposed, such as increasing agency staffing, using programmatic Environmental Impact Statements, allowing more renewable projects to use Environment Assessments and Categorical Exclusions, imposing time limits on some NEPA reviews, and requiring agencies to consider the positive environmental effects of a construction project.
  • James W. Coleman suggests that Congress should step in to restore a balance between making reviews more predictable and timelier while maintaining their rigor, and that energy projects should receive expedited review in the D.C. Circuit, with permits eventually being immunized from invalidation under NEPA if they are forced to wait an unreasonable length of time.

Click HERE for original. Published December 9, 2022

The dream of bringing back Bell Labs [Noah Smith, Noahpinion]

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  • Bell Labs was a famous corporate lab in the mid 20th century that was responsible for many breakthrough discoveries.
  • The rise of university research and the decline of corporate labs has changed the way America innovates.
  • There are attractive features of big corporate labs that the new innovation supply chain might lack, such as multi-disciplinary research and focus on general-purpose technologies.
  • A national electrical utility, Energy Bell, could potentially be a way to bring back something akin to the old Bell Labs.
  • The university-DARPA-startup innovation system is likely here to stay, and should be focused on making it more efficient, purposeful, and well-integrated.

Click HERE for original. Published December 8, 2022

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